Abstract
Screening rules were recently introduced as a technique for explicitly identifying active structures such as sparsity, in optimization problem arising in machine learning. This has led to new methods of acceleration based on a substantial dimension reduction. We show that screening rules stem from a combination of natural properties of subdifferential sets and optimality conditions, and can hence be understood in a unified way. Under mild assumptions, we analyze the number of iterations needed to identify the optimal active set for any converging algorithm. We show that it only depends on its convergence rate.
References
- J. Bolte, T. P. Nguyen, J. Peypouquet, B. W. Suter: From error bounds to the complexity of first-order descent methods for convex functions, Math. Programming 165 (2017) 471-–507.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-016-1091-6Google Scholar
- A. Bonnefoy, V. Emiya, L. Ralaivola, R. Gribonval: A dynamic screening principle for the lasso, EUSIPCO (2014) 6–10.Google Scholar
- J. M. Borwein, H. Wolkowicz: Facial reduction for a cone-convex programming problem, J. Australian Math. Soc. 30/3 (1981) 369–380.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1446788700017250Google Scholar
- A. L. Brearley, G. Mitra, H. P. Williams: Analysis of mathematical programming problems prior to applying the simplex algorithm, Math. Programming 8/1 (1975) 54–83.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01580428Google Scholar
- L. Condat: Fast projection onto the simplex and the l1 ball, Math. Programming A 158/1-2 (2016) 575–585.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-015-0946-6Google Scholar
- D. Drusvyatskiy, H. Wolkowicz: The many faces of degeneracy in conic optimization, Found. Trends Optimization 3/2 (2017) 77–170.https://doi.org/10.1561/240000001Google Scholar
- C. Dünner, S. Forte, M. Takáč, M. Jaggi: Primal-dual rates and certificates, Proc. Machine Learning Research 48 (2016) 783–792.Google Scholar
- B. Efron, T. J. Hastie, I. M. Johnstone, R. Tibshirani: Least angle regression, Ann. Statistics 32/2 (2004) 407–499.https://doi.org/10.1214/009053604000000067Google Scholar
- L. El Ghaoui, V. Viallon, T. Rabbani: Safe feature elimination in sparse supervised learning, J. Pacific Optimimization 8/4 (2012) 667–698.Google Scholar
- J. Fan, J. Lv: Sure independence screening for ultrahigh dimensional feature space, J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Method. 70/5 (2008) 849–911.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00674.xGoogle Scholar
- O. Fercoq, A. Gramfort, J. Salmon: Mind the duality gap: safer rules for the lasso, Proc. Machine Learning Research 37 (2015) 333–342.Google Scholar
- J. Giesen, J. K. Müller, S. Laue, S. Swiercy: Approximating concavely parameterized optimization problems, Neural Inform. Processing Systems 25 (2012) 2105–2113.Google Scholar
- J-B. Hiriart-Urruty, C. Lemaréchal: Fundamentals of Convex Analysis, Springer, Berlin (2001).https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56468-0Google Scholar
- T. B. Johnson, C. Guestrin: Blitz: A principled meta-algorithm for scaling sparse optimization, Proc. Machine Learning Research 37 (2015) 1171–1179.Google Scholar
- T. B. Johnson, C. Guestrin: Unified methods for exploiting piecewise linear structure in convex optimization, Neural Inform. Processing Systems 29 (2016) 4754–4762.Google Scholar
- A. Jourani, L. Thibault, D. Zagrodny: C 1,ω(·) -regularity and Lipschitz-like properties of subdifferential, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 105/1 (2012) 189–223.https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/pdr062Google Scholar
- E. Kalnay, M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell, S. Saha, G. White, J. Woollen, Y. Zhu, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Higgins, J. Janowiak, K. C. Mo, C. Ropelewski, J. Wang, A. Leetmaa, R. Reynolds, R. Jenne, D. Joseph: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77/3 (1996) 437–472.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2Google Scholar
- M. Le Morvan, J.-P. Vert: WHinter: A working set algorithm for high-dimensional sparse second order interaction models, Proc. Machine Learning Research 80 (2018) 3632–3641.Google Scholar
- S. Lee, P. Breheny: Strong rules for nonconvex penalties and their implications for efficient algorithms in high-dimensional regression, J. Comp. Graph. Statistics 24/4 (2015) 1074–1091.https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2014.975231Google Scholar
- J. Liang, J. Fadili, G. Peyré: Activity identification and local linear convergence of forward-backward-type methods, SIAM J. Optimization 27/1 (2017) 408–437.https://doi.org/10.1137/16M106340XGoogle Scholar
- J. Mairal: Sparse Coding for Machine Learning, Image Processing and Computer Vision, PhD Thesis, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (2010).Google Scholar
- H. Markowitz: The optimization of a quadratic function subject to linear constraints, Naval Res. Logist. Quart. 3 (1956) 111–133.https://doi.org/10.1002/nav.3800030110Google Scholar
- M. Massias, A. Gramfort, J. Salmon: Celer: a Fast Solver for the Lasso with Dual Extrapolation, Proc. Machine Learning Research 80 (2018) 3315–3324.Google Scholar
- M. Massias, S. Vaiter, A. Gramfort, J. Salmon: Dual extrapolation for sparse GLMs, J. Machine Learning Research 21/234 (2020) 1–33.Google Scholar
- C. Mészáros, U. H. Suhl: Advanced preprocessing techniques for linear and quadratic programming, OR Spectrum 25/4 (2003) 575–595.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-003-0130-xGoogle Scholar
- C. Michelot: A finite algorithm for finding the projection of a point onto the canonical simplex of Rn, J. Optimization Theory Appl. 50/1 (1986) 195–200.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00938486Google Scholar
- E. Ndiaye, O. Fercoq, A. Gramfort, J. Salmon: GAP safe screening rules for sparse multi-task and multi-class models, in: NIPS 2015, Proc. 28th Int. Conf. Neural Inform. Processing Systems 1 (2015) 811–819.Google Scholar
- E. Ndiaye, O. Fercoq, A. Gramfort, J. Salmon: GAP safe screening rules for Sparse-Group Lasso, in: NIPS 2016, Advances in Neural Inform. Processing Systems 29 (2016) 1–9.Google Scholar
- E. Ndiaye, O. Fercoq, A. Gramfort, J. Salmon: Gap safe screening rules for sparsity enforcing penalties, J. Machine Learning Research 18/128 (2017) 1–33.Google Scholar
- E. Ndiaye, T. Le, O. Fercoq, J. Salmon, I. Takeuchi: Safe grid search with optimal complexity, Proc. Machine Learning Research 97 (2019) 4771–4780.Google Scholar
- J. Nutini, I. Laradji, M. Schmidt: Let’s make block coordinate descent go fast: Faster greedy rules, message-passing, active-set complexity, and superlinear convergence, arXiv: 1712.08859 (2017).Google Scholar
- K. Ogawa, Y. Suzuki, I. Takeuchi: Safe screening of non-support vectors in pathwise SVM computation, Proc. Machine Learning Research 28 (2013) 1382–1390.Google Scholar
- M. R. Osborne, B. Presnell, B. A. Turlach: A new approach to variable selection in least squares problems, IMA J. Numer. Analysis 20/3 (2000) 389–403.https://doi.org/10.1093/imanum/20.3.389Google Scholar
- A. Raj, J. Olbrich, B. Gärtner, B. Schölkopf, M. Jaggi: Screening rules for convex problems, arXiv: 1609.07478 (2016).Google Scholar
- A. Rakotomamonjy, G. Gasso, J. Salmon: Screening rules for lasso with non-convex sparse regularizers, Proc. Machine Learning Research 97 (2019) 5341–5350.Google Scholar
- R. T. Rockafellar: Convex Analysis, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1997).Google Scholar
- R. T. Rockafellar, R. Wets: Variational Analysis, Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften 317, Springer, Berlin (2009).Google Scholar
- S. Shalev-Shwartz. Online learning and online convex optimization, Found. Trends Machine Learning 4/2 (2012) 107–194.https://doi.org/10.1561/2200000018Google Scholar
- S. Shalev-Shwartz, S. Ben-David: Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2014).https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107298019Google Scholar
- A. Shibagaki, M. Karasuyama, K. Hatano, I. Takeuchi: Simultaneous safe screening of features and samples in doubly sparse modeling, Proc. Machine Learning Research 48 (2016) 1577–1586.Google Scholar
- N. Simon, J. Friedman, T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani: A sparse-group lasso, J. Comput. Graph. Statistics 22/2 (2013) 231–245.https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2012.681250Google Scholar
- Y. Sun, H. Jeong, J. Nutini, M. Schmidt: Are we there yet? Manifold identification of gradient-related proximal methods, Proc. Machine Learning Research 89 (2019) 1110–1119.Google Scholar
- R. Tibshirani: Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso, J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Method. 58/1 (1996) 267–288.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.xGoogle Scholar
- R. Tibshirani, J. Bien, J. Friedman, T. J. Hastie, N. Simon, J. Taylor, R. J. Tibshirani: Strong rules for discarding predictors in lasso-type problems, J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Method. 74/2 (2012) 245–266.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2011.01004.xGoogle Scholar
- J. Wang, J. Zhou, J. Liu, P. Wonka, J. Ye: A safe screening rule for sparse logistic regression, in: NIPS 2014, Proc. 27th Int. Conf. Neural Inform. Processing Systems 1 (2014) 1053–1061.Google Scholar
- Z. J. Xiang, H. Xu, P. J. Ramadge: Learning sparse representations of high dimensional data on large scale dictionaries, in: NIPS 2011 (2011) 900–908.Google Scholar
- M. Yuan, Y. Lin: Model selection and estimation in regression with grouped variables, J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Method. 68/1 (2006).https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00532.xGoogle Scholar
Suggested citation
Published by Heldermann Verlag, 2021. Rights now held by Banach Press LLC.
