Abstract
We study differentiability properties of convex operators defined on a Banach space with values in an space and of their compositions with monotonic convex functionals on this space. We develop new tools for operators enjoying an additional feature known as the local property. The new approach and results go beyond the classical theory of normal integrands and lattice-valued operators. We further describe the subdifferentials of compositions of such operators with convex monotonic functionals. The new results are applied to obtain novel optimality conditions in the subdifferential form for a broad class of risk-averse stochastic optimization problems with risk functionals as objectives, with partial information, and with stochastic dominance constraints. While our analysis is motivated by the theory and methods of risk-averse optimization, it addresses problems of a more general structure and has a potential for further applications
References
- A. Almen, D. Dentcheva: On risk evaluation and control of distributed multi-agent systems, J. Optimization Theory Appl. 203 (2024) 2025–2054.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10957-024-02464-9Google Scholar
- B. C. Arnold: Majorization and the Lorenz Order: A Brief Introduction, Lecture Notes in Statistics 43, Springer, Berlin (1987).https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7379-1Google Scholar
- P. Artzner, F. Delbaen, J.-M. Eber, D. Heath: Coherent measures of risk, Math. Finance 9 (1999) 203–228.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9965.00068Google Scholar
- V. S. Bawa: Optimal rules for ordering uncertain prospects, J. Financial Econ. 2 (1975) 95–121.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(75)90025-2Google Scholar
- D. Blackwell: Comparison of experiments, in: Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, vol. 2, University of California Press, Berkeley (1951) 93–103.https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520411586-009Google Scholar
- C. Burgert, L. Rüschendorf: Consistent risk measures for portfolio vectors, Insurance: Math. Econ. 38/2 (2006) 289–297.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2005.08.008Google Scholar
- C. Castaing, M. Valadier: Convex Analysis and Measurable Multifunctions, Lecture Notes in Mathematics vol. 580, Springer, Berlin (1977).https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0087685Google Scholar
- C. Chen, G. Iyengar, C. C. Moallemi: An axiomatic approach to systemic risk, Management Science 59/6 (2013) 1373–1388.https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1631Google Scholar
- C. Combari, M. Laghdir, L. Thibault: Sous-différentiels de fonctions convexes composées, Ann. Sci. Math. Québec 18/2 (1994) 119–148.Google Scholar
- P. Delbaen: Coherent risk measures on general probability spaces, in: Advances in Finance and Stochastics. Essays in Honour of Dieter Sondermann, K. Sandmann et al. (eds.), Springer, Berlin (2002) 1–37.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04790-3_1Google Scholar
- D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Optimization with stochastic dominance constraints, SIAM J. Optimization 14 (2003) 548–566.https://doi.org/10.1137/S1052623402420528Google Scholar
- D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Optimality and duality theory for stochastic optimization problems with nonlinear dominance constraints, Math. Programming 99 (2004) 329–350.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-003-0453-zGoogle Scholar
- D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Inverse stochastic dominance constraints and rank dependent expected utility theory, Math. Programming B 108 (2006) 297–311.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-006-0712-xGoogle Scholar
- D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Portfolio optimization under stochastic dominance constraints, J. Banking Finance 30 (2006) 433–451.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.04.024Google Scholar
- D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Duality between coherent risk measures and stochastic dominance constraints in risk-averse optimization, Pacific J. Optimization 4/3 (2008) 433–446.Google Scholar
- D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Risk preferences on the space of quantile functions, Math. Programming B 148/1-2 (2014) 181–200.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-013-0724-2Google Scholar
- D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Risk forms: representation, disintegration, and application to partially observable two-stage systems, Math. Programming B 181 (2020) 297–317.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-019-01376-1Google Scholar
- D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Mini-batch risk forms, SIAM J. Optimization 33/2 (2023) 615–637.https://doi.org/10.1137/22M1503774Google Scholar
- D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Risk-Averse Optimization and Control: Theory and Methods, Springer Series in Operations Research and Financial Engineering, Springer, Cham (2024).https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57988-2Google Scholar
- J. Diestel, J. Uhl: Vector Measures, American Mathematical Society, Providence (1977).https://doi.org/10.1090/surv/015Google Scholar
- I. Ekeland, W. Schachermayer: Law-invariant risk measures on L∞ (Rd), Statistics Risk Modeling 28/3 (2011) 195–225.https://doi.org/10.1524/stnd.2011.1099Google Scholar
- P. C. Fishburn: Decision and Value Theory, Publications in Operations Research Vol. 43, Operations Research Society of America, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1964).Google Scholar
- P. C. Fishburn: Continua of stochastic dominance relations for bounded probability distributions, J. Math. Econ. 3 (1976) 295–311.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4068(76)90015-XGoogle Scholar
- H. Föllmer, A. Schied: Convex measures of risk and trading constraints, Finance Stochastics 6 (2002) 429–447.https://doi.org/10.1007/s007800200072Google Scholar
- J. Hadar, W. R. Russell: Rules for ordering uncertain prospects, Amer. Econ. Review 59/1 (1969) 25–34.Google Scholar
- G. Hanoch, H. Levy: The efficiency analysis of choices involving risk, Rev. Econ. Studies 36/3 (1969) 335–346.https://doi.org/10.2307/2296431Google Scholar
- A. D. Ioffe, V. L. Levin: Subdifferentials of convex functions, Trudy Mosk. Mat. Obsh. 26 (1972) 3–73.Google Scholar
- L. V. Kantorovich, G. P. Akilov: Functional Analysis, 3rd ed., Nauka, Moscow (1984).Google Scholar
- M. Kijima, M. Ohnishi: Mean-risk analysis of risk aversion and wealth effects on optimal portfolios with multiple investment opportunities, Ann. Oper. Res. 45 (1993) 147–163.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02282046Google Scholar
- E. Kromer, L. Overbeck, K. Zilch: Systemic risk measures on general measurable spaces, Math. Methods Oper. Res. 84 (2016) 323–357.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00186-016-0545-1Google Scholar
- E. L. Lehmann: Testing multiparameter hypotheses, Ann. Math. Statistics 23 (1952) 541–552.https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177729333Google Scholar
- J. Leitner: A short note on second-order stochastic dominance preserving coherent risk measures, Math. Finance 15 (2005) 649–651.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9965.2005.00255.xGoogle Scholar
- B. Lemaire: Application of a subdifferential of a convex composite functional to optimal control in variational inequalities, in: Nondifferentiable Optimization: Motivations and Applications, Proc. IIASA Workshop Sopron 1984, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 255, Springer, Berlin (1985) 103–117.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12603-5_10Google Scholar
- V. L. Levin. Convex Analysis in Spaces of Measurable Functions and its Applications in Economics (Russian), Nauka, Moskva (1985).Google Scholar
- M. O. Lorenz: Methods of measuring the concentration of wealth, Pub. Amer. Stat. Assoc. 9/70 (1905) 209–219.https://doi.org/10.1080/15225437.1905.10503443Google Scholar
- H. Mann, D. Whitney: On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other, Ann. Math. Stat. 18 (1947) 50–60.https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730491Google Scholar
- A. Müller, D. Stoyan; Comparison Methods for Stochastic Models and Risks, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester (2002).Google Scholar
- W. Ogryczak, A. Ruszczyński: From stochastic dominance to mean-risk models: semideviations as risk measures, Eur. J. Oper. Res. 116 (1999) 33–50.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00167-2Google Scholar
- W. Ogryczak, A. Ruszczyński: Dual stochastic dominance and related mean risk models, SIAM J. Optimization 13 (2002) 60–78.https://doi.org/10.1137/S1052623400375075Google Scholar
- J. Quirk, R. Saposnik: Admissibility and measurable utility functions, Rev. Econ. Studies 29 (1962) 140–146.https://doi.org/10.2307/2295819Google Scholar
- R. T. Rockafellar: Integrals which are convex functionals, Pacific J. Math. 24/3 (1968) 525–539.https://doi.org/10.2140/pjm.1968.24.525Google Scholar
- R. T. Rockafellar: Integrals which are convex functionals. II, Pacific J. Math. 39/2 (1971) 439–469.https://doi.org/10.2140/pjm.1971.39.439Google Scholar
- M. Rothschild, J. E. Stiglitz: Increasing risk. I: A definition, in: Uncertainty in Economics, P. Diamond et al. (eds.), Academic Press, New York (1978) 99–121.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-214850-7.50012-7Google Scholar
- L. Rüschendorf: Mathematical Risk Analysis, Springer, Berlin (2013).https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33590-7Google Scholar
- A. Ruszczyński, A. Shapiro: Optimization of convex risk functions, Math. Oper. Research 31 (2006) 433–452.https://doi.org/10.1287/moor.1050.0186Google Scholar
- M. Shaked, J. G. Shanthikumar: Stochastic Orders and Their Applications, Academic Press, Boston (1994).Google Scholar
- A. Shapiro, D. Dentcheva, A. Ruszczyński: Lectures on Stochastic Programming: Modeling and Theory, Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia (2021).https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611976595Google Scholar
- V. Strassen: The existence of probability measures with given marginals, Ann. Math. Statistics 38 (1965) 423–439.https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177700153Google Scholar
- M. Valadier: Sous-différentiels d’une borne supérieure et d’une somme continue de fonctions convexes, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sér. A 268 (1969) 39–42.Google Scholar
- M. Valadier: Sous-différentiabilité de fonctions convexes à valeurs dans un espace vectoriel ordonné, Math. Scandinavica 30/1 (1972) 65–74.https://doi.org/10.7146/math.scand.a-11064Google Scholar
Suggested citation
© 2026 Banach Press LLC. Published under CC BY 4.0.
